Strings 문자열

문자열   Strings

자바 프로그래밍에서 널리 사용되는 문자열(Strings)은 일련의 글자들(characters)입니다.
자바 프로그래밍 언어에서, strings은 객체입니다.

Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of characters. In the Java programming language, strings are objects.

자바 플랫폼은 문자열을 생성하고 조작하기 위한 클래스 String을 제공합니다.

The Java platform provides the String class to create and manipulate strings.

문자 만들기   Creating Strings

string을 생성하는 가장 직접적인 방식은 다음과 같이 작성하는 방식입니다:

The most direct way to create a string is to write:

String greeting = "Hello world!"; 

이 경우, "Hello world!"는 string literal - 쌍따옴표로 둘러싸인 코드 안의 일련의 글자들 입니다.
컴파일러가 코드 안에서 string literal을 만나게 되면, 컴파일러는 그 값 - 이 경우 Hello world!를 가진 객체String을 생성합니다.

In this case, "Hello world!" is a string literal—a series of characters in your code that is enclosed in double quotes. Whenever it encounters a string literal in your code, the compiler creates a String object with its value—in this case, Hello world!.

다른 모든 객체들 처럼, 키워드 new와 생성자를 사용해서 객체 String을 만들 수도 있습니다.
클래스 String은,  character들의 배열과 같은 서로 다른 소스를 사용하여 string의 초기 값을 제공할 수 있게 해주는, 13개의 생성자들을 갖고 있습니다.:

As with any other object, you can create String objects by using the new keyword and a constructor. The String class has thirteen constructors that allow you to provide the initial value of the string using different sources, such as an array of characters:

char[] helloArray = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.' };
String helloString = new String(helloArray);
System.out.println(helloString);

이 코드 snippet의 마지막 라인이 hello를 표시합니다.

The last line of this code snippet displays hello.

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Note: The String class is immutable, so that once it is created a String object cannot be changed. The String class has a number of methods, some of which will be discussed below, that appear to modify strings. Since strings are immutable, what these methods really do is create and return a new string that contains the result of the operation.

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String Length

Methods used to obtain information about an object are known as accessor methods. One accessor method that you can use with strings is the length() method, which returns the number of characters contained in the string object. After the following two lines of code have been executed, len equals 17:

String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
int len = palindrome.length();

A palindrome is a word or sentence that is symmetric—it is spelled the same forward and backward, ignoring case and punctuation. Here is a short and inefficient program to reverse a palindrome string. It invokes the String methodcharAt(i), which returns the i^th character in the string, counting from 0.

public class StringDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String palindrome = "Dot saw I was Tod";
        int len = palindrome.length();
        char[] tempCharArray = new char[len];
        char[] charArray = new char[len];
        
        // put original string in an 
        // array of chars
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            tempCharArray[i] = 
                palindrome.charAt(i);
        } 
        
        // reverse array of chars
        for (int j = 0; j < len; j++) {
            charArray[j] =
                tempCharArray[len - 1 - j];
        }
        
        String reversePalindrome =
            new String(charArray);
        System.out.println(reversePalindrome);
    }
}

Running the program produces this output:

doT saw I was toD

To accomplish the string reversal, the program had to convert the string to an array of characters (first for loop), reverse the array into a second array (second for loop), and then convert back to a string. The String class includes a method,getChars(), to convert a string, or a portion of a string, into an array of characters so we could replace the first for loop in the program above with

palindrome.getChars(0, len, tempCharArray, 0);

Concatenating Strings

The String class includes a method for concatenating two strings:

string1.concat(string2); 

This returns a new string that is string1 with string2 added to it at the end.

You can also use the concat() method with string literals, as in:

"My name is ".concat("Rumplestiltskin");

Strings are more commonly concatenated with the + operator, as in

"Hello," + " world" + "!"

which results in

"Hello, world!"

The + operator is widely used in print statements. For example:

String string1 = "saw I was ";
System.out.println("Dot " + string1 + "Tod");

which prints

Dot saw I was Tod

Such a concatenation can be a mixture of any objects. For each object that is not a String, its toString() method is called to convert it to a String.

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Note: The Java programming language does not permit literal strings to span lines in source files, so you must use the + concatenation operator at the end of each line in a multi-line string. For example:

String quote = 
    "Now is the time for all good " +
    "men to come to the aid of their country.";

Breaking strings between lines using the + concatenation operator is, once again, very common in print statements.

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Creating Format Strings

You have seen the use of the printf() and format() methods to print output with formatted numbers. The String class has an equivalent class method, format(), that returns a String object rather than a PrintStream object.

Using String's static format() method allows you to create a formatted string that you can reuse, as opposed to a one-time print statement. For example, instead of

System.out.printf("The value of the float " +
                  "variable is %f, while " +
                  "the value of the " + 
                  "integer variable is %d, " +
                  "and the string is %s", 
                  floatVar, intVar, stringVar); 

you can write

String fs;
fs = String.format("The value of the float " +
                   "variable is %f, while " +
                   "the value of the " + 
                   "integer variable is %d, " +
                   " and the string is %s",
                   floatVar, intVar, stringVar);
System.out.println(fs);

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